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After Cleopatra's death, Rome absorbs Egypt — ending three thousand years of pharaonic rule and gaining the empire's most vital grain supply.
In 30 BCE, Octavian annexed Egypt as a Roman province, ending the Ptolemaic dynasty and one of the oldest continuous civilizations on earth. Egypt's agricultural wealth was so strategically important that Augustus made it his personal province — no senator could even visit without imperial permission. The land of the Exodus was now a line item in Rome's budget, and Alexandria became one of the ancient world's greatest centers of learning and commerce.
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