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A teaching that distorts core Christian doctrine — from the Greek "hairesis," meaning a faction or chosen opinion
The early church distinguished "heresy" (denial of essential doctrines like the Trinity, the deity and humanity of Christ, salvation by grace) from "differences" (debatable secondary matters). Galatians 1:8-9 and 2 Peter 2:1 warn sharply against false teachers. The creeds were largely written to define orthodox boundaries against specific heresies.