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Talmud

The central text of rabbinic Judaism — centuries of commentary, debate, and interpretation built on top of the Torah

Definition

Compiled between the 3rd and 6th centuries AD, the Talmud contains the Mishnah (oral law) and Gemara (rabbinic discussion). It's not Scripture, but it's essential for understanding how Jewish communities interpreted the Law in Jesus' time and after. When Jesus debates the Pharisees about handwashing or Sabbath rules, those traditions later ended up codified in the Talmud.