Dumat

Dumat was an Arabian oasis settlement named for Ishmael's son Dumah (Genesis 25:14, 1 Chronicles 1:30) and listed among the desert kingdoms in Isaiah's cryptic "Burden of Dumah" oracle (Isaiah 21:11-12). The site sat at the eastern edge of the Nafud desert on the caravan route linking the Arabian oases of Tema and Dedan with Babylon to the north. Assyrian records from Sennacherib and Ashurbanipal name it as Adummatu, a fortified caravan stop held by Arabian queens and frequently campaigned against. The site is identified with modern Dumat al-Jandal in northern Saudi Arabia, where massive Iron Age fortifications survive.